Stuttering and Stammering

Stuttering or Stammering : It is a speech disorder in which the flow of speech is disrupted by involuntary repetitions or prolongations in sounds, syllables, words or phrases, and also by involuntary silent pauses or the inability of a person with stuttering to produce sound. The term stuttering is a common term for involuntary repetition of a sound and also includes abnormal hesitation or hesitation before beginning to speak. People with obstacles and prolongation in certain pronunciations suffer, such as stopping at vowels or similar to vowels that are originally consonant. According to Watkins et al., stuttering is a disorder of "the selection, initiation, and execution of a series of mechanisms necessary for the fluency of extracted expression". Indecisiveness is the main problem for many people who stutter. The term stuttering encompasses a wide range of severity and includes significant barriers and severe symptoms that prevent effective oral communication. Almost four times more men stutter than women in the world, and it includes 70 million people in the world, or 1% of its population.The effect of stuttering on a person's functioning and emotional state can be severe. This may include; Fear of pronouncing some vowels or consonants, fear of stuttering in social situations, isolation, anxiety, stress, sense of shame and bullying, especially among children, using a word instead of a word and rearranging them in a sentence to hide the stuttering or feeling out of control while speaking. It is sometimes seen that stuttering in general is a symptom of anxiety, but there is no direct correlation in this direction - as if the inverse mentioned would be true because social anxiety can develop unilaterally to stuttering -. In general, stuttering is not an organic problem of the process of producing sound or putting ideas into words.Acute nervousness and stress do not cause stuttering but can be a driver of stuttering in people who have an expression disorder. The effects of obvious wounds can lead to anxiety and a high stress volume burden, i.e. chronic nervousness and stress, which limits the necessary amount of acute stress by driving stuttering. The problem is exacerbated when the way of expressing an opinion called 'stuttered speech syndrome' has been suggested for this condition. This disorder is also variable and means in certain situations such as talking on the phone or in a large group of people. Stuttering can be severe or less severe, depending on the sufferer's self-awareness.Stuttering can be severe or less severe, depending on the sufferer's self-awareness.Stuttering can be severe or less severe, depending on the sufferer's self-awareness.

Typically, people who stutter find that they are vacillating, having good, not-so-good days and days without stuttering. It can be random through their oscillating stuttering. At this time, it means that their stuttering is oscillating and can be random. Geneticists and neurophysiologists believe that stuttering has a cause, although its cause has not been discovered. There are many treatment and speech therapy techniques that help in increasing the fluency in some affected people to the extent that the untrained ear can not identify the problem, there is basically no current treatment for this disorder. The severity of a person's stuttering corresponds to the amount of speech therapy needed to increase fluency. Severe stuttering requires long-term treatment and intensive work to increase fluency.


Primary stuttering behaviors are the overt cues of poor fluency and include hesitation in sounds, syllables, words, or phrases, obstructions, and prolongation of sounds. These differences from the lack of fluency in normal speech were found in all people with stuttering and can be prolonged and occur repeatedly and produce a lot of effort and effort. And they share stuttering and slurred speech in terms of quality: slurred speech is common to repetitive movements, fixed pauses, or excessive behavior. Each of the following three types consists of subgroups of stutterers and dyslexia:

• Frequency modes:
  • Frequency in syllables - which is the repetition of a single word syllable (such as: on -on-on the chair) or part of a word that is still a full syllable, for example "under..." and "open".
  • Repetition of an incomplete syllable—that is, repeating incomplete syllables such as letters, for example, consonants without vowels, for example, “b-b-bbard.”
  • Repetition of a number of syllables—the repetition of more than one syllable, such as repeating an entire word or more than the word "I know - I know - I know a lot of information."
• fixed modes:
  • It comes with hearing the air flow - Speak when the sound is prolonged like "oooooooommy".
  • The other comes without hearing the airflow—such as a speech impediment or a sensitive pause when nothing is said despite effort.
• Additional modes:
  • Verbal - includes unnecessary intervention such as revisions such as going back to the beginning of the sentence and correcting it, such as "I am my friend..." here I corrected "my friend" instead of "I".
  • Nonverbal - visual or audible speech behaviors such as licking the upper lip with the tongue and palate, pushing the head in some way to test the nerve of the eye, etc. It usually represents an attempt to break through or circumvent a handicap or a faltering loop.

Although some attribute the cause of stuttering to the difficulty of pronouncing some of the glorified sounds in the Arabic language, in general there is no unified agreement on the cause of stuttering development that is known so far. There are a variety of hypotheses and theories pointing to multiple factors that contribute to stuttering. Among these hypotheses and theories there is strong evidence that stuttering has a genetic basis. Children who have a primary degree of stuttering are three times more likely to stutter. However, the twin study and certified studies indicate that genetic factors interact with environmental factors as does stuttering, and many people who stutter do not have a family history of this disorder. There is evidence that stuttering is more common among children who also have problems with speech, language or movement.

Robert West, a pioneer in the genetic studies of stuttering, pointed out that the presence of stuttering means a link to the fact that expressive speech is something learned in human development.

Another view is that the stutterer is tic or tic.


Some characteristics of stuttering are not easy for listeners to detect. As a result, diagnosing stuttering requires certified skills such as speech-language pathology (SLP). Diagnostic information for stuttering uses both direct observation of the individual and background information on the individual throughout the case history. The information must be from the above two sources at a variable period, places and times. The speech and language therapist can collect a case history from the individual through a detailed interview or conversation with the parents (if the reviewer is a child). It can also monitor the interactions between the child and the parents and the way the child's parents speak.

By directly viewing the references, the speech and language therapist will notice different aspects of the individual's speech behaviors.

In particular, the therapist may test factors including lack of fluency (using The Dysfluency Type Index (DTI)), its frequency and duration (number of repetitions and percentage of syllables of stuttering), and speech rate (syllables per minute (SPM)). , words per minute (WPM)). The nature and fluency of speech may also be tested (the naturalness rating scale (NAT), test of childhood stuttering (TOCS), and physical sequences during speech) Rails book (Stuttering Severity Instrument) Stuttering Severity Instruments - Edition Fourth (SSI-4) They may also use the test to assess the severity of stuttering and predict its course.One of these tests includes the Pediatric Stuttering Prediction Method (SPI), which analyzes the child's case history, part-word repetitions, prolongation, and re-stuttering in order to determine its severity from lack of fluency and diagnose it to future tenseness. Stuttering is a multifaceted and complex disorder that can affect an individual's life in a variety of ways. Children and adults are monitored and assessed for possible social, psychological or emotional signs of stress related to their disorder. Some common assessments of this type measure factors including:Anxiety and attitudes (personal report in communicative fear (PRCA)), self-perception (self-assessment of stutterers for interactions in speech situations (SSRSS)), quality of life (comprehensive speaker experience assessment of stuttering (OASES)), and behaviors (adult self-report Age (OASR) and mental health (consisting of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI)).

The speech and language therapist will attempt to combine the information obtained from the reviewer's case study together with the information gained from the assessments, in order to make a final decision regarding the presence of a fluency disorder and determine the best approach to treating the reviewer.


Evaluation is important before treatment, as some characteristics of stuttering are not easy for listeners to detect. As a result, diagnosing stuttering requires certified skills such as speech-language pathology. While there is no complete cure for stuttering, there are several treatment options that help individuals to better control their speech. Many of the available treatments focus on instructional strategies to reduce stuttering through slowing down and regulating breathing, gradually developing from monosyllable responses to longer words and eventually to more complex sentences. In addition, some stuttering therapists help manage anxiety that may usually be triggered by stuttering. Thus, it exacerbates the symptoms of stuttering. This therapeutic method refers to a holistic approach in which the main focus of treatment is the orientation towards improving the speaker's attitudes towards communication and reducing the negative impact of stuttering that can affect the speaker's life.


Musician John Scatman wrote the song "Scatman (Ski-Ba-Bop-Ba-Dop-Bop)" to help stuttering children cope with adversity. Cartoon pig character (Porky Pig) has a noticeable stutter, which is marked by his famous phrase at the end ("y-y-y-that's all fox!"). The character's stuttering originates from the stuttering voice artist John Duterte. Duterte's stuttering is caused by recording loops that take too much time. Otherwise, Warner Bros has come in instead of Duterte and has provided the Burke (stuttering) voice his whole life. The animated series, Secret Squad to Fight Villains, introduced Keswick as a stutterer.